Witch.net

[Willowlala]

This hopefully is a basic guide to the Sabbats and how they are celebrated. New people to the Pagan way, please feel free to ask questions in this thread.

It should be noted that not all Pagans choose to celebrate these festivals. Paganism is as individual as you are.

Sabbats & stuff

Sabbat basically means festival, there are eight in a year.

Imbloc Feb 2nd

recovery of the goddess after the birth, the lengthening days awaken her. This is a festival of light & fertility. This is a traditional time for initiations into covens

Ostara circa March 21st

Spring Equinox marks the first day of spring. The Goddess blankets the earth with fertility, bursting forth from her sleep. The God grows to maturity. On Ostara the day and night are equal

Beltane May 1st

The God emerges into manhood. He falls in love with the Goddess, they lie in the green fields and unite, she becomes pregnant. Beltane is also known as mayday

Litha circa June 21

Midsummer also known as Summer Solstice. Historically this is when people leapt bonfires to encourage fertility, purification, health and love. The fire represents the sun, as it is the longest day of the year.

Lughnasadh / Lammas Aug 1st

August time of the first harvest, The God begins to lose his strength as the days shorten. The Goddess watches in sorrow as she realises that the God will die; yet she is joyful because he lives on as her child

Mabon circa Sept 21

the Autumn Equinox is the completion of harvest, day and night again are equal. The God gets ready to leave his physical body. Nature reflects this by withdrawing and getting ready for winter

Samhain Oct 31st

The God dies although it isn’t forever. He will be reborn to the Goddess at Yule. Samhain is usually used as a time of reflection over the past year and trying to come to terms with the one thing we have no control over – death.

Yule circa Dec 21st

The birth of the God. It is also the Winter Solstice, which is the shortest day of the year. Since the sun represents the god this marks the point in the year when the sun is reborn as well. The Goddess slumbers through the winter of her labour rests, after her delivery. To contempary Wiccans it reminds us that ultimately death leads to rebirth.

Circa means it is celebrated around this date but changes from year to year.

Moons

Waxing from new moon to full moon is a good time to do magick to draw things towards you

Waning from full moon to new moon is a time for study, meditation & magickal work designed to banish harmful energies.

All the full moons have names.

January - Cold Moon
February - Quickening Moon
March - Storm Moon
April - Wind Moon
May - Flower Moon
June - Strong Sun Moon
July - Blessing Moon
August - Corn Moon
September - Harvest Moon
October - Blood Moon
November - Mourning Moon
December - Long Nights Moon

If you get more than one Full Moon in a month it’s called a Blue Moon.

Current Moon Phase Calculator

look on the front page at the top there is a link called Current Moon phase.

Most of this I wrote myself, Names of the moons came from the witches date book.
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid

[Willowlala]

Planetary table, this table gives guidelines on which day of the week is best for weaving certain spells and lists elements associated with that planet.

Saturday
Saturn:
Spell weave on this day to clear obstacles and restrictions
Minerals Jet, Obsidian, Lead
Colour Indigo/black
Number 3
Angel Cassiel
Goddess Kali
Trees Alder, Beech, Holly, Elm, Yew
Plants Ivy, Evergreens
Herb Asafoetida
Aroma Cypress

Sunday
The sun
spell weave on this day to attract health, success and prosperity
Minerals Topaz, Amber, Gold
Colour Gold/Orange
Number 6
Angel Michael
Goddess Ra-Harachte
Trees Acacia, Bay, Birch, Cedar, Walnut, Lime, Orange, Rowan, Juniper
Plants Mistletoe, Marigold, Bay Laurel, Benzoin Gum, Angelica
Herb Cinnamon, Bay Leaves
Aroma Frankincense

Monday
The Moon
Spell weave on this day to increase intuition, perceptions fertility and all female issues
Minerals Pearl, Moonstone, Silver
Colour Silver/blue
Number 9
Angel Gabriel
Goddess Selene
Trees Aspen, Willow, Lemon Eucalyptus
Plants Jasmine, Poppy, White Lily, Sea Plants, River Plants
Herb Sandalwood
Aroma Jasmine

Tuesday
Mars
Spell weave on this day to improve strength, power and authority and to banish conflicts
Minerals Hematite, Ruby, Iron
Colour Red
Number 5
Angel Zamael
Goddess Anath
Trees Larch, Hawthorn, Dogwood,
Plants Anemone, Tobacco
Herb Coriander, Garlic, Pepper
Aroma Pine

Wednesday
Mercury
Spell weave on this day for all forms of communication, including writing teaching, speaking, learning studying and travel
Minerals Agate, Carnelian, Quicksilver,
Colour yellow
Number 8
Angel Raphael
Goddess Athena
Trees Ash, Hazel
Plants Impatiens
Herb Lavender, Marjoram, Dill
Aroma Lavender

Thursday
Jupiter
Spell weave on this day for employment, luck travel, money justice and wealth
Minerals Amethyst, aquamarine, tin
Colour Violet, purple
Number 4
Angel Sachiel
Goddess Juno
Trees Almond, Horse Chestnut, Oak
Plants Avens, Honeysuckle
Herb Cinquefoil, Nutmeg, Sage, Anise, Cloves
Aroma Honeysuckle

Friday
Venus
Spell weave on this day for love, friendship, marriage, beauty, harmony and creativity
Minerals Eerald, Jade, Copper
Colour Green
Number 7
Angel Anael
Goddess Aphrodite
Trees Apple, Fig, Magnolia, Pear, Elder, Damson
Plants Heather, Hyacinth, Rose, Love-in-a-mist, Iris, Periwinkle, Violet
Herb Vervain. Myrtle, Yarrow
Aroma Rose

Taken from Spell Weaving - A book of spells & practical magic by Sally Morningstar
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid

[shabiana]

what does the name of the sabbats means? and how do I celebrate it?

[Willowlala]

Ideas to celebrate the Sabbats

Imbloc Feb 2nd

It is traditional upon Imbloc, at sunset or just after ritual to light every lamp in the house – if only for a few moments. Or light candles in each room in honour of the suns rebirth. Alternately light a kerosene lamp with a red chimney and place this in a prominent part of the home or in a window. If snow lies on the ground outside, walk in it for a moment, recalling the warmth of summer. With your projective hand trace an image of the sun on the snow. Foods appropriate to eat on this day include those from the dairy, since Imbloc marks the festival of carving. Sour cream dishes are fine. Spicy and full bodied foods in honour if the sun are equally attuned curries and all dishes made with peppers, onions, leeks, shallots, garlic or chives are appropriate. Spiced wines and dishes containing raisins all foods symbolic of the sun – are also traditional.

Ostara circa March 21st

A traditional Vernal equinox past time: go to a field and randomly collect wildflowers. Or, buy some from a florist, taking one or two of those that appeal to you. Then bring them home and divine their magickal meanings by the use of books your own intuition, a pendulum, or by other means. The flowers you have chosen reveal your inner thoughts and emotions. It is important at this time of renewed life to plan a walk (or a ride) through gardens, a park, woodlands, forest and other green places. This is not simply exercise and you should be on no other mission it isn’t even just an appreciation of nature. Make your walk celebratory, a ritual for nature itself. Other traditional activities include planting seeds, working on magickal gardens and practicing all forms of herb work. Magickal, medicinal, cosmetic, culinary and artistic. Foods in tune with this day include those made of seeds, such as sunflower, pumpkin and sesame seeds as well as pine nuts. Sprouts are equally appropriate as are leafy green vegetables. Flower dishes such as stuffed nasturtiums or carnation cup cakes also find their place here.

Beltane May 1st

Weaving and plaiting are traditional arts at this time of year, for the joining together of two substances to form a third is in the spirit of Beltane. Foods traditionally come from the dairy, and dishes such as marigold custard and vanilla ice cream are fine. Oatmeal cakes are also appropriate.

Litha circa June 21

Litha is practically the classic time to perform magicks of all kinds. Healings, love magick and protections are especially suitable; herbs can be dried over the ritual fire, if you’re celebrating outdoors. Leap the fire for purification and renewed energy. Fresh fruits are standard fare for Litha.

Lughnasadh Aug 1st

It is appropriate to plant the seeds from the fruits consumed in ritual. If they sprout grow the plant with love and as a symbol of your connection with the goddess and god. Wheat weaving is an appropriate activity for Lughnasadh. Visits to fields, orchards, lakes and wells are also traditional. The foods of Lammas include bread, blackberries and all berries, acorns (leached of their poisons first) crab apples, all grains and locally ripe produce. A cake is sometimes baked, and cider is used in place of wine. If you do make a figure of the god from bread it can be used for the simple feast.

Mabon circa Sept 21

A traditional practice is to walk wild places and forests gathering seed pods and dried plants. Some of these can be used to decorate the home; other saved for future herbal magick the foods of Mabon consist of the second herbal gleanings, so grains fruit and vegetable predominate, especially corn. Corn bread is traditional fare as are beans and baked squash.

Samhain Oct 31st

It is traditional on Samhain night to leave a plate of food outside the home for the souls of the dead. A candle placed in the window guides them to the lands of eternal summer, and burying apples in the hard packed earth “feeds� the passed ones on their journey. For food beets, turnips, apples, corn, nuts, gingerbread, cider, mulled wines and pumpkin dishes are appropriate, as are meat and tofu.

Yule circa Dec 21st

One traditional yuletide practice is the creation of the Yule tree this can be a living potted tree which can later be planted in the ground, or a cut one. Appropriate Pagan decorations are fun to make, from strings of dried rosebuds and cinnamon sticks or popcorn and cranberries for garlands, to bags of fragrant spices which are hung from boughs. Quartz crystals can be wrapped with shiny wire and suspended from sturdy branches to resemble icicles. Apples, oranges and lemons hanging from boughs are strikingly beautiful, natural decorations, and were customary in ancient times. Many enjoy the custom of lighting the Yule log. This is a graphic representation of the rebirth of the God within the sacred fire of the mother goddess. If you choose to burn one, select a proper log of oak or pine carve or chalk a figure of the sun such as arrayed disc or the god (a horned circle or a figure of a man) upon it, with the white handled knife, and set it alight in the fire place at dusk on Yule. As the log burns, visualise the sun shining within it and think of the coming warmer days. As to food, nuts, fruits such as apples and pears, cakes of caraways soaked in cider and (for non vegetarians) pork is traditional fare. Wassail, lambs wool, hibiscus or ginger tea are fine drinks for the simple feast or Yule meals

(taken from Scott Cunningham book)
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid

[Willowlala]

Festival Herbs

This is a suggested list of herbs to use for each Sabbat within your ritual celebration. Either to be burned as incense, or oils or to place the flowers on your altar to give it a seasonal feel. Of course your rituals are personal to you and you can use as many or as few as you wish. This is simply a guide.

Samhain

Aconite
Apple
Aspen
Alder
Belladonna
Catnip
Chervil
Cypress
Damiana
Elder
Fumitory
Hemlock
Henbane
Hellebore
Honeysuckle
Hop
Ivy
Juniper
Mullein
Myrrh
Parsley
Pumpkin
Rowan
Thistle
Valerian
Wormwood
Yew

Yule

Ash
Apple
Bayberry
Calendula
Cinnamon
Cypress
Frankincense
Fern
Holly
Hop
Ivy
Juniper
Mistletoe
Oak
Violet

Imbloc

Alder
Alfalfa
Benzoin
Birch
Chickweed
Elm
Fir
Heather
Hop
Lily of the valley
Periwinkle
Rowan
Snowdrop
Willow
Wormwood
Woad

Ostara

Acacia
Apple
Ash
Alder
Bistort
Benzoin
Birch
Bluebell
Celandine
Calendula
Caraway
Coltsfoot
Daisy
Forget me not
Frankincense
Gorse
Ground ivy
Lemon Verbena
Mugwort
Nettle
Pine
Tansy
Violet

Beltane

Apple
Cinquefoil
Clover
Daisy
Dandelion
Dill
Dog rose
Elder
Fir
Hawthorn
Honeysuckle
Horse chestnut
Lily of the valley
Mallow
Oak
Primrose
Rose
Sorrel
Sweet cicely
Willow
Woodruff

Litha / Midsummer

Angelica
Ash
Apple
Bay
Calendula
Camomile
Celandine
Daisy
Dill
Dog rose
Elder
Fennel
Fern
Feverfew
Fir
Frankincense
Heather
Honeysuckle
Lavender
Marjoram
Mint
Mistletoe
Oak
St John’s Wort
Strawberry
Sweet cicely
Violet
Yarrow

Lughnasadh / Lammas

Apple
Alder
Benzoin
Basil
Borage
Chicory
Daisy
Fenugreek
Frankincense
Fennel
Gorse
Honeysuckle
Ivy
Mugwort
Nasturtium
Oak
Pine
Poppy
Sunflower
Vine
Woad

Mabon

Ash
Apple
Alder
Acorn
Basil
Buckwheat
Blackberry
Benzoin
Cypress
Ceder
Calendula
Corn
Chicory
Cornflower
Dog rose
Daisy
Elder
Frankincense
Hazel
Hawthorn
Ivy
Myrrh
Parsley
Poppy
Rose
Yew

Taken from Herb Craft (Susan Lavender & Anna Franklin
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid

[Whipsnake]

This is a really helpful post. I'm collecting Sabbat info so I can start celebrating them when I finally get a place of my own.
Thanx Willow!
_________________


"But somewhere she heard there was someplace to go
when you die when you live like we do... "

[Willowlala]

24th Dec - 2oth Jan Celtic tree month of Birch
21st Jan - 17th Feb Celtic tree month of Rowan
18th Feb - 17th Mar Celtic tree month of Ash
18th Mar - 14th April Celtic tree month of Alder
15th April - 12th May Celtic tree month of Willow
13th May - 9th June Celtic tree month of Hawthorn
10th June - 7th July Celtic tree month of Oak
8th July - 4th Aug Celtic tree month of Holly
5th Aug - 1st Sept Celtic tree month of Hazel
2nd Sept - 29th Sept Celtic tree month of Vine
30th Sept - 27th Oct Celtic tree month of Ivy
28th Oct - 24th Nov Celtic tree month of Reed
25th Nov - 23rd Dec Celtic tree month of Elder


Taken from the Witches Date Book

The Birch Tree. 24 December - 20 January

To the druids, the Birch represented renewal and rebirth as it was the first tree in leaf after winter. Birch people are determined, resilient and ambitious. Good organisers, leaders and strategists, they are not deterred by setbacks, believing hard work, patience and persistence will triumph. They are loyal but reserved in showing affection. Birch people need a goal in life or they become depressed and pessimistic

The Ruling Deity - The Celtic Warrior God Lugh, inventor of all arts and crafts, rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The white stag symbolises high ideals and aspirations.

Planetary Ruler - Sun

The Rowan Tree. 21 January - 17 February

Rowans were planted near doors and gates to ward off evil and were thought to guard the gateway to the spirit world. Rowan people are idealistic, progressive thinkers with strong humanitarian and spiritual principles. They thrive on change, becoming impatient with convention or restriction, artistic and original, they can appear detached and aloof. Rowans need an outlet for their powerful imagination or they can become restless and quarrelsome

The Ruling Deity - Brigid, the Goddess of fertility and poetry, rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Dragon symbolises inspiration and imagination.

Planetary Ruler - Uranus

The Ash Tree. 18 February - 17 March

The Ash was a sacred chieftain tree, said to "court the flash" as it was prone to lightning strike. Its wood was thought to be enchanted and was used for Druidic wands and spears. Ash people are quick witted, spontaneous and gregarious. They have a lively curiosity and are intelligent, persuasive speakers, enthusiastic, inquisitive and communicative. They love discussing new ideas and projects. Ash people need to focus their mental abilities or they can become nervous and irritable.

The Ruling Deity - The Magician, storyteller and trickster. Gwydion rules the sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Adder symbolises wisdom and spiritual energy.

Planetary Ruler - Neptune

The Alder Tree. 18 March - 14 April

Alder resist rot in water and was used to make bridges, boats, clogs and milk jugs. It was a crime to fell an alder, as the angry tree spirit would burn down houses. Alder people are courageous, energetic, impetuous and determined to make their own way in the world. Self-reliant and adventurous, they love taking risks and are tenacious workers. Affectionate and charming, they inspire great loyalty in others. Alders must learn the art of diplomacy or they waste energy in fruitless disputes.

The Ruling Deity - The God of the spirit world, Bran the Blesses, rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Fox symbolises skill in diplomacy

Planetary Ruler - Mars

The Willow Tree. 15 April - 12 May

The Willow was sacred to the Moon and in Celtic myth the universe was hatched from two eggs hidden among the boughs of the Willow. Willow people have good memories and are articulate, strong willed and resourceful, emotional and enigmatic. They have quick responses and are prone to sudden mood changes. Willows must trust their inner voice or they can become moody and chronically indecisive.

The Ruling Deity - The Celtic Moon Goddess Ceridwen rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Hare symbolises adaptation and intuition.

Planetary Ruler - Moon

The Hawthorn Tree. 13 May - 9 June

Hawthorn, or May, was a symbol of psychic protection due to its sharp thorns. Faery spirits were thought to live in Hawthorn hedges, which were planted as protective shields around fields, houses and churchyards. Hawthorn people are mercurial, innovative, creative and confident. Easily bored, they crave mental stimulation and challenge. They are eloquent and gifted performers, exuding natural charm. Hawthorns must develop patience or hasty action can sabotage their best efforts

The Ruling Deity - The summer flower maiden Olwen rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Owl symbolises wisdom and patience.

Planetary Ruler - Vulcan

The Oak Tree. 10 June - 7 July

The Oak was the sacred tree of the Druids, symbolising truth and steadfast knowledge. Doors made of Oak were thought to keep out evil. Oak people are determined, self-motivated, enthusiastic and responsible. Natural leaders, they remain calm in a crisis and are not easily swayed by opposition. Although serious minded, they are cheerful and optimistic and do not give up easily. Oaks must temper pride with humour or they become pompous and overbearing.

The Ruling Deity - The Father of all Gods, The Dagda rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Wren, the Celtic king of the birds, symbolises wit and subtlety.

Planetary Ruler - Jupiter

The Holly Tree. 8 July - 4 August

When Celtic Chieftains chose a successor, he was crowned with a Holly wreath. The ever-green Holly was thought to repel enemies, and warriors carried Holy wood cudgels. Holly people are practical, capable and steadfast in adversity, cautious, logical and efficient. They have good business sense but prefer to assist rather than lead. In relationships they are supportive, protective and possessive. Hollies must be less idealist or they may suffer loss of confidence and direction.

The Ruling Deity - The Smith God Govannon rules this sign

The Druidic Animal - The Unicorn symbolises purity and strength.

Planetary Ruler - Earth

The Hazel Tree. 5 August - 1 September

It was thought magical skills and knowledge could be gained from eating Hazel nuts. Hazel people are artistic. They have lively, analytical minds and make inspiring teachers. Imaginative, they are radical and idealistic thinkers. Hazels need to express their creativity or they can become morbid and introspective


The Ruling Deity - The Sea God Manannan Mac Lir, a master of disguise, rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - To the Celts, the Salmon is the oldest and wisest animal, symbolising inspiration.

Planetary Ruler - Mercury


The Vine Tree. 2 September - 29 September

The Grapevine requires care to bear fruit in the cool Celtic climate and became a symbol of sacred knowledge and spiritual initiation. Vine people are discriminating, authoritative and set high personal standards. They appear cool and detached but are secret romantics and can be sensitive, vulnerable and self critical. Keenly perceptive, they have an eye for detail and refined aesthetic taste. Vines must overcome a tendency to procrastinate or they can become lost in worry and negativity.

The Ruling Deity - The Tuatha De Danaan Gods of Light rule this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Swan symbolises grace and beauty -

Planetary Ruler - Venus

The Ivy Tree. 30 September - 27 October

The power of the Ivy to cling and bind made it a potent symbol of determination and strength. Ivy can strange trees and was a portent of death and spiritual growth. Ivy people are restless, sociable and good natured. Cheerful, expansive and magnetic, they win friends easily and dislike offending others. Although often indecisive, they are not weak willed and tackle difficult tasks with infectious optimism. Ivy people must not get too caught up in others problems or they can suffer disappointment and betrayal.

The Ruling Deity - The faery bride Guinevere rules this sign

The Druidic Animal - The Butterfly symbolises faery faith -

Planetary Ruler - Persephone

The Reed Tree. 28 October - 24 November

The Druids believed the Reed was a tree because of its dense root system. Cut Reeds were used as pens and symbolised wisdom and scholarship. Reed people are complex, tenacious and fearless. Proud and independent, they have great strength of character and rarely compromise. They thrive on challenge and have an innate belief in their own destiny. Reeds must unite a sense of purpose with their strong will or they can become self destructive.

The Ruling Deity - The Celtic God the Underworld, Pwyll rules this sign

The Druidic Animal - Hound or Dog was a title of honour for Celtic Chieftains as the Dog symbolised enduring loyalty.

Planetary Ruler - Pluto

The Elder Tree. 25 November - 23 December

The Elder tree was sacred to the faeries and branches were hung above stables to protect horses from evil spirits. It was unlucky to burn Elder and an omen of death to bring it indoors. Elder people are self sufficient, lively, impetuous and outspoken. They dislike routine and refuse to be pressured by others. Restless and highly energetic, they thrive on change and need constant mental and physical challenge. Elders must learn to use change as a positive force in their lives or they can become reckless and confused

The Ruling Deity - The crown Goddess and Celtic tribal mother Cailleach Beara rules this sign.

The Druidic Animal - The Raven symbolises healing and protection -

Planetary Ruler - Saturn
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid

[Willowlala]

Month Meanings:

January – Named after the Roman God Janus, who had two faces and could look both forwards and backwards at the same time. Also known as frosty month, after Yule first month and snow month

February – The roman month of purification. The name comes from Latin Februo which means I purify my sacrifice it has also been know as sprout kale and rain month

March – named after the roman god Mars it has also been known as rough month, lengthening month boisterous month and windy month

April – The opening month – from the Latin ’aperire' which means to open also known as the time of budding

May – Takes it names from Maia the Goddess of growth and increase or from Maiores the Latin word for elders who were honoured this month. The Anglo Saxons called it thrimilce because cows could be milked three times a day now. An Old Dutch name was Bloumaand which means blossoming month

June – takes it name form the great Goddess Juno. Or from Juniores the Latin word for young people who were honoured this month. Zomer-maand in Old Dutch summer month and seremonath in Old Saxon dry month

July – named in honour of Julius Caesar the Old Dutch name was hooy-maand hay month and the Old Saxon name was maeddmonath because the cattle were turned into the meadow to feed.

August - named in honour of the Roman emperor Augustus whose lucky month it was. The Old Dutch name was oost-maand which means harvest month the Old Saxon name was weod-monath or weed month.

September – this was the seventh month when the year used to start in March the Old Dutch name was herst-maand or autumn month the Old Saxon name was gerst-monath or barley month.

October – this was the eighth month in the old Roman calendar when the year started in March. The Old Dutch name was wyn-maand or wine month the old English name was winter-fylleth or winter full moon.

November – this was the ninth month of the Roman calendar when the year started in March. The Old Saxon name was wind monath or wind month. The Old Dutch name was slaght – maand or slaughter month.

December – this used to be the tenth month when the year started in March.
_________________


I'm not afraid to take a stand
Everybody come take my hand
We'll walk this road together, through the storm
Whatever weather, cold or warm
Just lettin' you know that, you're not alone
Holla if you feel that you've been down the same road

Eminem - Not Afraid